Utilidad de la tomografía de coherencia óptica como guía en el tratamiento del síndrome coronario agudo: reporte de un caso / Utility of optical coherence tomography to guide treatment in acute coronary syndromes: case report / Utilidade da tomografia de coerência óptica como guia no tratamento da síndrome coronariana aguda: relato de um caso

La tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT) es una técnica de imagen endovascular con elevada resolución espacial que permite evaluar las diferentes estructuras que componen la pared de las arterias coronarias, caracterizar morfológicamente la placa aterosclerótica y establecer el mecanismo fisiopatológico subyacente en los síndromes coronarios agudos (SCA). Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente con infarto agudo de miocardio, donde la OCT evidenció que la reducción de la luz arterial estaba determinada principalmente por la presencia de trombo, a la vez que demostró una disrupción endotelial (ruptura de placa) como mecanismo fisiopatológico subyacente. Se adoptó una estrategia invasivo-conservadora, donde finalmente no se implantó stent. La información surgida de la OCT en este caso particular fue fundamental en la toma de decisiones.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an endovascular imaging technique with high spatial resolution. It allows to evaluate the different structures that compose coronary arteries' wall, morphologically characterize atherosclerotic plaques and establish the underlying pathophysiological mechanism in acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The case of a patient with acute myocardial infarction is presented, in which OCT showed that the reduction of arterial lumen was determined mainly by the presence of thrombus, while also demonstrated endothelial disruption (plaque rupture) as the underlying pathophysiological mechanism. An invasive-conservative strategy was adopted and finally stent was not implanted. The information that emerged from the OCT in this particular case was fundamental in decision-making.

A tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) é uma técnica de imagem endovascular com alta resolução espacial que permite a avaliação das diferentes estruturas que compõem a parede das artérias coronárias, a caracterização morfológica da placa aterosclerótica e o estabelecimento do mecanismo fisiopatológico subjacente de síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA). Apresentamos o caso clínico de um paciente com enfarte agudo do miocárdio, onde a OCT mostrou que a redução do lúmen arterial foi determinada principalmente pela presença de trombo, ao mesmo tempo que demonstrou uma ruptura endotelial (ruptura da placa) como causa fisiopatológica subjacente. Adotou-se uma estratégia invasiva-conservadora, onde finalmente o stent não foi implantado. As informações obtidas da OCT neste caso específico foram fundamentais na tomada de decisão.

Fístula coronário-cavitária da artéria coronária circunflexa para o átrio esquerdo como provável etiologia de insuficiência cardíaca: relato de caso / Coronary­cavitary fistula of the circumflex coronary artery to the left atrium as a probable etiology of heart failure: a case report

Fístulas de artérias coronárias têm incidência baixa, sendo diagnosticadas mais frequentemente pelo ecocardiograma ou angiotomografia coronariana, embora a cineangiocoronariografia seja o método padrão-ouro. Têm origem mais comumente na artéria coronária direita, sendo a drenagem para câmaras de baixa pressão o mais habitual. O tratamento pode ser expectante, cirúrgico ou percutâneo. Este relato descreve o caso de uma rara apresentação de insuficiência cardíaca, dada por fístula da coronária circunflexa com drenagem para o átrio esquerdo. (AU)

Coronary artery fistulas have a low incidence and are often diagnosed by echocardiography or coronary computed tomography angiography, although coronary angiography is the gold standard. They commonly originate in the right coronary artery, with drainage to low-pressure chambers being the most frequent finding. Treatment can be expectant, surgical, or percutaneous. This report describes a case of a rare presentation of heart failure due to a fistula of the circumflex coronary artery with drainage into the left atrium. (AU)

Isquemia miocárdica sin lesiones coronarias obstructivas: MINOCA-INOCA: Revisión para la toma de decisiones GREECO (Grupo de Estudio de Enfermedades Coronarias) / Myocardial ischemia without coronary obstructions: MINOCA-INOCA. Review for decision making

Una de cada 4 coronariografías realizadas por isquemia miocárdica presenta lesiones menores al 50% Este dato desencadenó un creciente interés en la comunidad médica. La Sociedad Americana de Cardiología publicó recientemente un artículo que describe la posición consensuada de un grupo de expertos sobre la fisiopatología, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de esta entidad. Nuestro trabajo refleja una revisión narrativa y la posición de un grupo de expertos pertenecientes a diferentes instituciones con servicios de Cardiología jerarquizados. Aborda aspectos fisiopatológicos y diagnósticos para comprender el enfoque actual del tratamiento, tanto en pacientes que ingresan con diagnóstico de MINOCA (infa rto de miocardio con lesiones angiográficas no graves) o de INOCA (angina e isquemia demostradas, pero sin lesiones coronarias que justifiquen este síndrome).

One in every four coronarographies performed to study myocardial ischemia shows coronary angiographic stenosis less than 50%. This data triggered an increasing interest in the medical community. The American Society of Cardiology recently published a position paper about the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of this entity. Our group performed a narrative review reflecting the opinion of cardiology experts from different centers in Argentina. It aims physiopatologic and diagnostic aspect to understand the current approach in patients with MINOCA (myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries) e INOCA (demonstrated angina and ischemia but without coronary lesions that justify this syndrome).

Myocardial Perfusion by Coronary Computed Tomography in the Evaluation of Myocardial Ischemia: Simultaneous Stress Protocol with SPECT / Perfusão Miocárdica por Angiotomografia de Coronárias na Avaliação da Isquemia Miocárdica: Protocolo de Estresse Simultâneo com SPECT

Abstract Background: Functional assessment to rule out myocardial ischemia using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is extremely important and data on the Brazilian population are still limited. Objective: To assess the diagnostic performance of myocardial perfusion by CCTA in the detection of severe obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) compared with single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT). To analyze the importance of anatomical knowledge to understand the presence of myocardial perfusion defects on SPECT imaging that is not identified on computed tomography (CT) scan. Method: A total of 35 patients were evaluated by a simultaneous pharmacologic stress protocol. Fisher's exact test was used to compare proportions. The patients were grouped according to the presence or absence of significant CAD. The area under the ROC curve was used to identify the diagnostic performance of CCTA and SPECT in perfusion assessment. P < 0.05 values were considered statistically significant. Results: For detection of obstructive CAD, CT myocardial perfusion analysis yielded an area under the ROC curve of 0.84 [a 95% confidence interval (CI95%): 0.67-0.94, p < 0.001]. SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging, on the other hand, showed an AUC of 0.58 (95% CI 0.40 - 0.74, p < 0.001). In this study, false-positive results with SPECT are described. Conclusion: Myocardial perfusion analysis by CTA displays satisfactory results compared to SPECT in the detection of obstructive CAD. CCTA can rule out false-positive results of SPECT.

Resumo Fundamento: A avaliação funcional para descartar a isquemia miocárdica utilizando a angiotomografia computadorizada (angio-TC) de coronárias é de extrema importância e dados na população brasileira ainda são escassos. Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho diagnóstico da perfusão miocárdica pela angio-TC de coronárias na detecção de doença arterial coronariana (DAC) obstrutiva significativa em comparação com a tomografia computadorizada por emissão de fóton único (SPECT; do inglês, single photon emission computerized tomography). Analisar a importância do conhecimento anatômico para entender a presença de defeito de perfusão miocárdica pela SPECT que não é identificado pela tomografia computadorizada (TC). Método: Trinta e cinco pacientes foram avaliados por um protocolo de estresse farmacológico simultâneo. O teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado para comparação entre as proporções. Os pacientes foram agrupados de acordo com a presença ou não de DAC significativa. A área sob a curva foi utilizada para identificar o desempenho diagnóstico da avaliação da perfusão pela angio-TC de coronárias e pela SPECT. Os valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: Para detecção de DAC obstrutiva a avaliação da perfusão miocárdica pela TC teve uma área sob a curva de 0,84 [intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%): 0,67 a 0,94, p < 0,001]. Já o estudo da perfusão miocárdica pela SPECT foi de 0,58 (IC95%: 0,40 a 0,74, p < 0,001). Neste estudo, foram descritos falso-positivos pela SPECT. Conclusão: A avaliação da perfusão miocárdica pela angio-TC apresenta resultados satisfatórios em comparação com os da SPECT na detecção de DAC obstrutiva. A angio-TC de coronárias tem capacidade de afastar falso-positivos da SPECT.

Long-term traumatic and asymptomatic aorto-right atrial fistula

Abstract Aorto-atrial fistulas due to cardiac trauma are rare, and survivors require immediate surgical correction. Here, we report a case of an aorto-right atrial fistula due to penetrating trauma after a 16-year evolution, which developed symptoms of acute coronary syndrome and was treated with myocardial revascularization and correction of the aorto-cameral fistula.

Lateral costal artery: clinical importance of an accessory thoracic artery

Abstract The lateral costal artery has sometimes been identified as the culprit for the "steal phenomenon" after coronary artery bypass grafting, besides being occasionally used for myocardial revascularization. Its branches make anastomoses with the internal thoracic artery through lateral intercostal arteries. We aim to report, on three cases, the clinical significance of a well-developed lateral costal artery after coronary artery bypass grafting. Two out of three patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery in our center between June 2010 and August 2017, applied to us with stable angina pectoris, while the third one was diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome after applying to the emergency department. In coronary cineangiography, in all three cases, a well-developed accessory vessel arising from the proximal 2.5 cm segment of the left internal thoracic artery coursed as far as the 6th rib was detected, and it was confirmed to be the lateral costal artery. A stable angina pectoris in two of the patients was thought to be the result of steal phenomenon caused by the well-developed lateral costal artery. In the two cases with stable angina pectoris the lateral costal artery was obliterated via coil embolization. In the other case with the proximal left anterior descending artery stenosis, before percutaneous coronary intervention, the lateral costal artery was obliterated via coil embolization and the occluded subclavian artery was stented. Routine visualization in cineangiography and satisfactory surgical exploration of the left internal thoracic artery could be very helpful to identify any possible accessory branch of the left internal thoracic artery like the lateral costal artery.

Correlación entre estudios electrocardiográficos y cinecoronariográficos en enfermedades coronarias / Connection between electrocardiographic and cinecoronariographic studies in coronary diseases

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa de muerte en Chile. Los Síndromes Coronarios Agudos (SCA), obligan a los sistemas de salud a destinar recursos de elevado costo para su diagnóstico. Procedimientos como el electrocardiograma (ECG) y la cinecoronariografía (CCG) orientan en el diagnóstico de dichas patologías, siendo el ECG un examen no invasivo de fácil ejecución y de bajo costo. El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar el examen ECG con la CCG para mejorar la precisión diagnóstica de obstrucción coronaria. El estudio fue de tipo descriptivo de corte transversal, constituido por 44 pacientes adultos de ambos sexos que presentaron infarto de miocardio con elevación de segmento ST (STEMI), derivados al Servicio de Hemodinamia de la Clínica Iquique, Chile, para intervención coronaria. Los 44 pacientes tenían un ECG previo y se les realizó una CCG. Los resultados establecieron una fuerte correlación entre los diagnósticos por ECG y por CCG del total de las arterias obstruidas (según prueba de Correlación de Pearson = 0,80; p < 0,001). Se demostró relación entre ambos exámenes en un 92,3 % (p = 0,001) para la obstrucción de la arteria coronaria derecha (ACD) con hallazgo electrocardiográfico que correspondía a infarto de pared inferior. Relación de 100 % para la obstrucción de la rama circunfleja de la arteria coronaria izquierda (ACI) (p = 0,036) y 100 % para la obstrucción de la rama interventricular anterior de la ACI o arteria coronaria descendente anterior (p = 0,001) correspondiente a infarto de pared lateral. Se concluyó que existe relación significativa entre el infarto de pared anterior según los hallazgos electrocardiográficos y la obstrucción de la ACD y la rama circunfleja de la ACI según CCG; además, la relación es significativa entre los infartos de pared lateral y pared anterior con hallazgos por ECG y la obstrucción de la rama interventricular anterior de la arteria coronaria izquierda diagnosticada por CCG. Es fundamental la interpretación correcta del ECG para mejorar la atención del infarto agudo al miocardio.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in Chile. Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) forces health systems to allocate high-cost resources for diagnosis. Procedures like Electrocardiogram (ECG) and cinecoronariography (CCG) guide the diagnosis of these pathologies, with ECG being a noninvasive exam easy to perform and of low cost. The aim of this study was to connect ECG exams with CCG to improve the diagnostic accuracy of coronary obstruction. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, consisting of 44 adult patients of both sexes which presented myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation (STEMI) referred to the Hemodynamic Service from Iquique Clinic, Chile, for coronary operation. All 44 patients had previous ECG and they were conducted a CCG. Results established a strong correlation between ECG and CCG diagnosis from the total of Clogged Arteries (according to Pearson correlation test = 0.80; p < 0.001). The correlation demonstrated in both exams was 92.3 % (p = 0.001) for blockage in the right coronary artery (RCA) with electrocardiographic finding corresponding to inferior wall infarction. 100 % relationship for the obstruction of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery (LCA) (p = 0.036) and 100 % for the obstruction of RCA anterior interventricular branch or anterior descending coronary artery (p = 0.001) corresponding to a lateral wall infarction. It is concluded that there is a significant relationship between anterior wall infarction according to electrocardiographic findings and RCA obstruction and LCA circumflex branch according to CCG. In addition, there is a significant relationship between lateral wall infarction and interior walls by ECG findings and the obstruction of the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery diagnosed by CCG. The correct interpretation of ECG is essential to improve the care of acute myocardial infarction.

Perfil de pacientes internados com diagnóstico de síndrome coronariana aguda / Profile of patients admitted to hospital with diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome

OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil de pacientes internados com diagnóstico de síndrome coronariana aguda. MÉTODOS: Estudo analítico, observacional e transversal, com dados obtidos da análise dos prontuários de cem pacientes internados em um hospital, de fevereiro de 2014 a janeiro de 2015, os quais tiveram diagnóstico de síndrome coronariana aguda e foram regulados para a realização da cineangiocoronariografia. Foi traçado o perfil epidemiológico e fisiopatológico desta população. RESULTADOS: Em nossa amostra, 49 (55,7%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 63,88±13,3 anos, sendo 60,2% acima de 60 anos. O quadro clínico mais prevalente foi angina instável (41%). Constatou-se maior prevalência de portadores de hipertensão arterial (88,7%), além de associação positiva entre os pacientes com idade avançada e doença multiarterial. Também foi encontrada obstrução coronariana significativa em cerca de 90% dos pacientes diabéticos. Cineangiocoronariografia sem lesão significativa foi duas vezes mais identificada, em comparação com dados da American College of Cardiology. CONCLUSÃO: Fatores de risco modificáveis devem ser controlados, visando à redução do número de casos de doenças cardiovasculares agudas e daqueles com desfechos desfavoráveis. Sugere-se que a divulgação dos sintomas de infarto seja ampliada, para que os pacientes cheguem à emergência em tempo hábil de receber o tratamento.(AU)

OBJECTIVE: To describe the profile of patients admitted to Hospital with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome METHODS: This is an analytical, observational and crosssectional study with data obtained from the analyses of the medical records of 100 patients admitted to a hospital from February/2014 to January / 2015), who were diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome, and were regulated for undergoing coronary angiography. The epidemiological and pathophysiological profile of this population was described. RESULTS: In our sample, there were 49 (55.7 %) male patients with a mean age of 63.88±13.3 years, with 60.2 % being over 60 years. The most prevalent clinical condition was unstable angina (41%). A higher prevalence of patients with hypertension (88.7 %) was found, as well as a positive association of patients with advanced age and multivessel disease. We also find significant coronary obstruction in about 90 % of diabetic patients. Coronary angiographywith no significant lesion was twice as identified if compared with the American College of Cardiology data. CONCLUSION: The modifiable risk factors should be monitored, in order to reduce the number of cases of acute cardiovascular disease and those with unfavorable outcomes. The dissemination of information about infarction should be enhanced for the patients to search for emergent care in a timely manner.(AU)

Trigeminia de la bigeminia ventricular por mecanismo reentrante: reentrada de la reentrada / Trigeminy of ventricular bigeminy caused by reentrant mechanism: reentry of reentry

El proceso post-infarto agudo de miocardio genera el sustrato apropiado para la formación de circuitos de reentrada, los cuales son considerados como el mecanismo más frecuente de las extrasístoles y taquiarritmias ventriculares. Presentamos el trazado electrocardiográfico de un paciente con infarto agudo de miocardio en quien se observó la inusual concurrencia de una trigeminia ventricular acoplada a extrasístoles ventriculares bigeminadas, que originó una secuencia de trigeminia sobre la bigeminia, evidenciando la existencia de dos circuitos reentrantes (reentrada de la reentrada); después de una dupla de la extrasístole bigeminada se genera un aleteo ventricular.

The process that follows an acute myocardial infarction generates an appropriate substrate for the formation of reentry circuits, considered to be the most frequent mechanism of ventricular extrasystoles and tachyarrhythmias. We present the case of a patient with an acute myocardial infarction unusually concurring with ventricular trigeminy coupled to ventricular bigeminated extrasystoles giving rise to a trigeminy sequence over the bigeminy, which indicates the existence of two reentry circuits (reentry of reentry) that trigger ventricular flutter.

Avaliação da Função Endotelial em Mulheres Climatéricas com Doença Arterial Coronariana / Evaluation of Endothelial Function in Pre-Menopausal Women With Coronary Arterial Disease

Fundamentos: O endotélio desempenha importante função reguladora vascular. Sua disfunção é um marcador precoce de risco cardiovascular. Entretanto, existem poucos estudos em nosso meio que avaliem a função endotelial em mulheres climatéricas. Objetivo: Avaliar a função endotelial em mulheres climatéricas na presença ou ausência de doença arterial coronariana utilizando-se um método biofísico (espessura médio-intimal das carótidas) e um método bioquímico (níveis séricos de PCR-US). Métodos: Estudo transversal que avaliou o espessamento médio-intimal da artéria carótida e níveis séricos de PCR-US de 31 mulheres climatéricas submetidas a cineangiocoronariografia, no Serviço de Hemodinâmica do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, no período de março de 2012 a julho de 2013. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística. Considerou-se um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados:A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos, de acordo com presença de doença arterial coronariana (DAC): grupo com DAC (n = 13) e grupo sem DAC (n = 18). As médias de idades para os grupos foram 57,92 ± 5,17 e 51,72 ± 4,63 anos, respectivamente (p = 0,001). A EMI esteve alterada em 29,03% na população geral. A espessura médio- intimal foi de 1,55 ± 0,78 mm no grupo geral, 1,92 ± 0,94 mm no grupo com DAC e 1,18 ± 0,71 mm no grupo sem DAC (p = 0,001). As pacientes com DAC apresentaram predomínio de alteração da EMI quando comparadas aquelas sem DAC: 36,46% vs. 22,22%, respectivamente. Observou-se uma sensibilidade de 38%, especificidade de 77%, com um valor preditivo positivo de 0,55 e valor preditivo negativo de 0,63 com razão de verossimilhança para teste positivo (likelihood ratio) de 1,73. As pacientes com EMI alterado apresentaram níveis mais elevados de PCR-US, porém sem significância estatística. As pacientes com DAC apresentaram níveis mais elevados de PCR-US, porém sem significância estatística. Conclusão: Na população estudada, a avaliação da função endotelial pelo método da EMI apresentou maior sensibilidade e especificidade para o diagnóstico de DAC quando comparada a mensuração dos níveis de PCR-US em mulheres climatéricas

Background: The endothelium plays an important vascular regulatory function. Its dysfunction is an early marker of cardiovascular risk. However, there are few studies in our community that assess endothelial function in pre-menopausal women. Objective: To assess endothelial function in pre-menopausal women in the presence or absence of coronary artery disease, using a biophysical method (carotid intima media thickness) and a biochemical method (serum levels of hsCRP). Methods: Cross-sectional study that evaluated carotid intima-media thickness and serum levels of hsCRP of 31 pre-menopausal women undergoing coronary angiography at the Hemodynamics Service of Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão from March 2012 to July 2013. The data were sent to statistical analysis and a statistical significance level of 5% was considered. Results: The sample was divided into two groups according to the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD): CAD group (n = 13) and group without CAD (n = 18). The average ages for the groups were 57.92 ± 5.17 and 51.72 ± 4.63 years, respectively (p = 0.001). CIMT was abnormal in 29.03% in the general population. Carotid intima-media thickness was 1.55 ± 0.78 mm in the general group, 1.92 ± 0.94 mm in the CAD group and 1.18 ± 0.71 mm in the group without CAD (p = 0.001). CAD patients had predominance of abnormal CMIT compared those without CAD: 36.46% vs. 22.22%, respectively. There was a sensitivity of 38%, specificity of 77% with a positive predictive value of 0.55 and a negative predictive value of 0.63 with likelihood ratio of 1.73. Patients with abnormal CIMT presented higher levels of hsCRP, but without statistical significance. CAD patients had higher levels of hsCRP, but without statistical significance. Conclusion: In the population studied, assessment of endothelial function using the CIMT method showed higher sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of CAD compared to the measurement of hsCRP levels in menopausal women

Comparative Study between Perfusion Changes and Positive Findings on Coronary Flow Reserve / Estudo Comparativo entre Alterações de Perfusão e Achados Positivos da Reserva de Fluxo Coronariano

Abstract Background: Functional assessment of coronary artery obstruction is used in cardiology practice to correlate anatomic obstructions with flow decrease. Among such assessments, the study of the coronary fractional flow reserve (FFR) has become the most widely used. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between FFR and findings of ischemia obtained by noninvasive methods including stress echocardiography and nuclear medicine and the presence of critical coronary artery obstruction. Methods: Retrospective study of cases treated with systematized and standardized procedures for coronary disease between March 2011 and August 2014. We included 96 patients with 107 critical coronary obstructions (> 50% in the coronary trunk and/or ≥ 70% in other segments) estimated by quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) and intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS). All cases presented ischemia in one of the noninvasive studies. Results: All 96 patients presented ischemia (100%) in one of the functional tests. On FFR study with adenosine 140 g/kg/min, 52% of the cases had values ≤ 0.80. On correlation analysis for FFR ≤ 0.80, the evaluation of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, accuracy, and ROC curve in relation to the stenosis degree and length, and presence of ischemia, no significant values or strong correlation were observed. Conclusion: Coronary FFR using a cut-off value of 0.80 showed no correlation with noninvasive ischemia tests in patients with severe coronary artery obstructions on QCA and ICUS.

Resumo Fundamento: A avaliação funcional da obstrução arterial coronariana é empregada na prática cardiológica para correlacionar a obstrução anatômica e a queda de fluxo. Dentre as formas de avaliação, o estudo da reserva fracionada de fluxo (RFF) coronariano se tornou a mais utilizada. Objetivo: Avaliar a correlação entre a RFF com achados de isquemia, obtidos por métodos não invasivos como a ecocardiografia de estresse ou medicina nuclear, e a presença de obstrução crítica da artéria coronária. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de casos tratados com procedimentos sistematizados e padronizados para doença coronariana entre março de 2011 e agosto de 2014. Foram incluídos 96 pacientes com 107 obstruções coronarianas críticas (> 50% no tronco da coronária e/ou ≥ 70% nos demais segmentos) estimadas por angiografia coronariana quantitativa (ACQ) e ultrassonografia intracoronariana (USIC). Todos os casos apresentaram isquemia em um dos estudos não invasivos. Resultados: Ao estudo da RFF com adenosina na dose de 140 µg/kg/min, valores ≤ 0,80 foram encontrados em 52% dos casos. Na análise de correlação para RFF ≤ 0,80, avaliando-se sensibilidade/especificidade, valor preditivo positivo/negativo, acurácia e curva ROC em relação ao grau de estenose, extensão da estenose e presença de isquemia, não foram observados valores de significância ou de forte correlação. Conclusão: A RFF coronariana a um valor de corte de 0,80 não apresentou correlação com testes não invasivos de isquemia em pacientes com obstruções coronarianas graves à ACQ e USIC.

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: an under-recognized cause of acute coronary syndromes

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection [SCAD] is a rare condition that is often underdiagnosed given limitations of conventional cineangiography

In addition to the diagnostic challenge, the condition poses a major therapeutic dilemma given paucity of literature to guide management. We report the case of a 55-year-old woman, who presented with acute coronary syndrome

Coronary angiography at the time of the index hospitalization revealed type 2 SCAD. She was managed conservatively. Repeat coronary angiography three months later showed complete resolution of the previously noted dissection. Because of the high association between SCAD and fibromuscular dysplasia [FMD], a cross-sectional imaging was performed in this case, which ruled out underlying FMD. The patient has been followed longitudinally since her index event and has had no reported recurrences

Relação entre ecocardiografia e cineangiocoronariografia em pacientes diagnosticados com síndrome coronariana aguda. Estudo retrospectivo / Relation between echocardiography and coronary angiography in patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome: a retrospective study

OBJETIVO: Reconhecer a relação ecocardiográfica e cineangiocoronariográfica no acometimento coronário que leva à disfunção miocárdica. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional retrospectivo descritivo, que buscou apresentar o perfil clínico e epidemiológico de pacientes em uma instituição pública/privada na cidade de São Paulo. A partir dos dados coletados, os perfis clínico, ecocardiográfico e cineangiocoronariográfico dos pacientes analisados foram correlacionados, para comparar os resultados dos exames de imagem. RESULTADOS: Apresentaram relação entre parede com distúrbio de motilidade na ecocardiografia e artéria acometida na cineangiocoronariografia 71,9% dos pacientes (p<0,002). CONCLUSÃO: A ecocardiografia mostrou-se um método relevante para inferir qual vaso foi acometido, de acordo com a dinâmica das câmaras cardíacas em pacientes sem história prévia de doença cardiovascular crônica e sem infarto agudo do miocárdio prévio.

OBJECTIVE: To recognize the echocardiographic and coronary angiography relationship in the coronary involvement that leads to myocardial dysfunction. METHODS: Descriptive retrospective observational study that tried to present the clinical and epidemiological profile of patients in a public/ private institution in the city of São Paulo. From the collected data, the clinical, echocardiographic and coronary angiography profiles of the patients analyzed were correlated to compare the results of imaging tests. RESULTS: Of the patients studied, 71.9% (p<0.002) showed a relationship between the wall with motility disorder in echocardiography and the artery affected on coronary angiography. CONCLUSION: The echocardiography proved to be an important method to infer which vessel was affected according to the dynamics of the cardiac chambers in patients with no previous history of chronic cardiovascular disease and no history of acute myocardial infarction.

Recent advances in pediatric interventional cardiology / 소아과

During the last 10 years, there have been major technological achievements in pediatric interventional cardiology. In addition, there have been several advances in cardiac imaging, especially in 3-dimensional imaging of echocardiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and cineangiography. Therefore, more types of congenital heart diseases can be treated in the cardiac catheter laboratory today than ever before. Furthermore, lesions previously considered resistant to interventional therapies can now be managed with high success rates. The hybrid approach has enabled the overcoming of limitations inherent to percutaneous access, expanding the application of endovascular therapies as adjunct to surgical interventions to improve patient outcomes and minimize invasiveness. Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation has become a successful alternative therapy. However, most of the current recommendations about pediatric cardiac interventions (including class I recommendations) refer to off-label use of devices, because it is difficult to study the safety and efficacy of catheterization and transcatheter therapy in pediatric cardiac patients. This difficulty arises from the challenge of identifying a control population and the relatively small number of pediatric patients with congenital heart disease. Nevertheless, the pediatric interventional cardiology community has continued to develop less invasive solutions for congenital heart defects to minimize the need for open heart surgery and optimize overall outcomes. In this review, various interventional procedures in patients with congenital heart disease are explored.

Syntax Score and Major Adverse Cardiac Events in Patients with Suspected Coronary Artery Disease: Results from a Cohort Study in a University-Affiliated Hospital in Southern Brazil / Syntax Escore e Eventos Cardíacos Adversos Maiores em Pacientes com Suspeita de Doença Arterial Coronariana: Resultados de um Estudo de Coorte em Hospital Universitário no Sul do Brasil

Abstract Background: The importance of coronary anatomy in predicting cardiovascular events is well known. The use of traditional anatomical scores in routine angiography, however, has not been incorporated to clinical practice. SYNTAX score (SXscore) is a scoring system that estimates the anatomical extent of coronary artery disease (CAD). Its ability to predict outcomes based on a baseline diagnostic angiography has not been tested to date. Objective: To evaluate the performance of the SXscore in predicting major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients referred for diagnostic angiography. Methods: Prospective cohort of 895 patients with suspected CAD referred for elective diagnostic coronary angiography from 2008 to 2011, at a university-affiliated hospital in Brazil. They had their SXscores calculated and were stratified in three categories: no significant CAD (n = 495), SXscoreLOW-INTERMEDIATE: < 23 (n = 346), and SXscoreHIGH: ≥ 23 (n = 54). Primary outcome was a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and late revascularization. Secondary endpoints were the components of MACE and death from any cause. Results: On average, patients were followed up for 1.8 ± 1.4 years. The primary outcome occurred in 2.2%, 15.3%, and 20.4% in groups with no significant CAD, SXscoreLOW-INTERMEDIATE, and SXscoreHIGH, respectively (p < 0.001). All-cause death was significantly higher in the SXscoreHIGH compared with the 'no significant CAD' group, 16.7% and 3.8% (p < 0.001), respectively. After adjustment for confounding factors, all outcomes remained associated with the SXscore. Conclusions: SXscore independently predicts MACE in patients submitted to diagnostic coronary angiography. Its routine use in this setting could identify patients with worse prognosis.

Resumo Fundamento: A importância da anatomia coronariana na predição de eventos cardiovasculares é bem conhecida. O uso de escores anatômicos tradicionais na cineangiocoronariografia de rotina, entretanto, não foi incorporado à prática clínica. O SYNTAX escore (SXescore) é um sistema de escore que estima a extensão anatômica da doença arterial coronariana (DAC). Sua capacidade para predizer desfechos com base na cineangiocoronariografia diagnóstica de base ainda não foi testada. Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho do SXescore para predizer eventos cardíacos adversos maiores (MACE) em pacientes encaminhados para cineangiocoronariografia diagnóstica. Métodos: Coorte prospectiva de 895 pacientes com suspeita de DAC encaminhados para cineangiocoronariografia diagnóstica eletiva de 2008 a 2011, em hospital universitário no Brasil. Os pacientes tiveram seus SXescores calculados e foram estratificados em três categorias: 'sem DAC significativa' (n = 495); SXescoreBAIXO-INTERMEDIÁRIO: < 23 (n = 346); e SXescoreALTO: ≥ 23 (n = 54). O desfecho primário foi composto de morte cardíaca, infarto do miocárdio e revascularização tardia. Os desfechos secundários foram MACE e morte por todas as causas. Resultados: Em média, os pacientes foram acompanhados por 1,8 ± 1,4 anos. Desfecho primário ocorreu em 2,2%, 15,3% e 20,4% nos grupos 'sem DAC significativa', SXescoreBAIXO-INTERMEDIÁRIO e SXescoreALTO, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Morte por todas as causas foi significativamente mais frequente no grupo de SXescoreALTO comparado ao grupo 'sem DAC significativa', 16,7% e 3,8% (p < 0,001), respectivamente. Após ajuste para fatores de confusão, todos os desfechos permaneceram associados com o SXescore. Conclusão: O SXescore prediz independentemente MACE em pacientes submetidos a cineangiocoronariografia diagnóstica. Seu uso rotineiro nesse contexto poderia identificar pacientes de pior prognóstico.

Assessment of Left Ventricular Volume and Function Using Real-Time 3D Echocardiography versus Angiocardiography in Children with Tetralogy of Fallot

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of left ventricular (LV) size and function is one of the important reasons for performing echocardiography. Real time three dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) is now available for a precise non-invasive ventricular volumetry. Aim of work was to validate RT3DE as a non-invasive cardiac imaging method for measurement of LV volumes using cardiac angiography as the reference technique. METHODS: Prospective study on 40 consecutive patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) referred for cardiac catheterization for preoperative assessment. Biplane cineangiography, conventional 2 dimensional echocardiography (2DE) and RT3DE were performed for the patients. A control group of 18 age and sex matched children was included and 2DE and RT3DE were performed for them. RESULTS: The mean LV end diastolic volume (LVEDV) and LVEDV index (LVEDVI) measured by RT3DE of patients were lower than controls (p value = 0.004, 0.01, respectively). There was strong correlation between the mean value of the LVEDV and the LVEDVI measured by RT3DE and angiography (r = 0.97, p < 0.001). The mean value of LV ejection fraction measured by RT3DE was lower than that assessed by 2DE (50 ± 6.2%, 65 ± 4.6%, respectively, p value < 0.001) in the studied TOF cases. There was good intra- and inter-observer reliability for all measurements. CONCLUSION: RT3DE is a noninvasive and feasible tool for measurement of LV volumes that strongly correlates with LV volumetry done by angiography in very young infants and children, and further studies needed.